TEMPLATES FUNDAMENTALS

Introduction to Hugo Templating

Go templates provide an extremely simple template language that adheres to the belief that only the most basic of logic belongs in the template or view layer.

Basic Syntax

Golang templates are HTML files with the addition of variables and functions. Golang template variables and functions are accessible within {{ }}.

Access a Predefined Variable

{{ foo }}

Parameters for functions are separated using spaces. The following example calls the add function with inputs of 1 and 2:

{{ add 1 2 }}

Methods and Fields are Accessed via dot Notation

Accessing the Page Parameter bar defined in a piece of content’s front matter.

{{ .Params.bar }}

Parentheses Can be Used to Group Items Together

{{ if or (isset .Params "alt") (isset .Params "caption") }} Caption {{ end }}

Variables

Each Go template gets a data object. In Hugo, each template is passed a Page. See variables for more information.

This is how you access a Page variable from a template:

<title>{{ .Title }}</title>

Values can also be stored in custom variables and referenced later:

{{ $address := "123 Main St."}}
{{ $address }}

Functions

Go templates only ship with a few basic functions but also provide a mechanism for applications to extend the original set.

Hugo template functions provide additional functionality specific to building websites. Functions are called by using their name followed by the required parameters separated by spaces. Template functions cannot be added without recompiling Hugo.

Example 1: Adding Numbers

{{ add 1 2 }}
=> 3

Example 2: Comparing Numbers

{{ lt 1 2 }}
=> true (i.e., since 1 is less than 2)

Note that both examples make us of Go template’s math functions.

Includes

When including another template, you will pass to it the data it will be able to access. To pass along the current context, please remember to include a trailing dot. The templates location will always be starting at the /layouts/ directory within Hugo.

Template and Partial Examples

{{ template "partials/header.html" . }}

Starting with Hugo v0.12, you may also use the partial call for partial templates:

{{ partial "header.html" . }}

Logic

Go templates provide the most basic iteration and conditional logic.

Iteration

Just like in Go, the Go templates make heavy use of range to iterate over a map, array, or slice. The following are different examples of how to use range.

Example 1: Using Context

{{ range array }}
    {{ . }}
{{ end }}

Example 2: Declaring Value => Variable name

{{range $element := array}}
    {{ $element }}
{{ end }}

Example 3: Declaring Key-Value Variable Name

{{range $index, $element := array}}
   {{ $index }}
   {{ $element }}
{{ end }}

Conditionals

if, else, with, or, and and provide the framework for handling conditional logic in Go Templates. Like range, each statement is closed with an {{end}}.

Go Templates treat the following values as false:

  • false
  • 0
  • any zero-length array, slice, map, or string

Example 1: if

{{ if isset .Params "title" }}<h4>{{ index .Params "title" }}</h4>{{ end }}

Example 2: if … else

{{ if isset .Params "alt" }}
    {{ index .Params "alt" }}
{{else}}
    {{ index .Params "caption" }}
{{ end }}

Example 3: and & or

{{ if and (or (isset .Params "title") (isset .Params "caption")) (isset .Params "attr")}}

Example 4: with

An alternative way of writing “if” and then referencing the same value is to use “with” instead. with rebinds the context . within its scope and skips the block if the variable is absent.

The first example above could be simplified as:

{{ with .Params.title }}<h4>{{ . }}</h4>{{ end }}

Example 5: if … else if

{{ if isset .Params "alt" }}
    {{ index .Params "alt" }}
{{ else if isset .Params "caption" }}
    {{ index .Params "caption" }}
{{ end }}

Pipes

One of the most powerful components of Go templates is the ability to stack actions one after another. This is done by using pipes. Borrowed from Unix pipes, the concept is simple: each pipeline’s output becomes the input of the following pipe.

Because of the very simple syntax of Go templates, the pipe is essential to being able to chain together function calls. One limitation of the pipes is that they can only work with a single value and that value becomes the last parameter of the next pipeline.

A few simple examples should help convey how to use the pipe.

Example 1: shuffle

The following two examples are functionally the same:

{{ shuffle (seq 1 5) }}

{{ (seq 1 5) | shuffle }}

Example 2: index

The following accesses the page parameter called “disqus_url” and escapes the HTML. This example also uses the index function, which is built into Go templates:

{{ index .Params "disqus_url" | html }}

Example 3: or with isset

{{ if or (or (isset .Params "title") (isset .Params "caption")) (isset .Params "attr") }}
Stuff Here
{{ end }}

Could be rewritten as

{{ if isset .Params "caption" | or isset .Params "title" | or isset .Params "attr" }}
Stuff Here
{{ end }}

Example 4: Internet Explorer Conditional Comments

By default, Go Templates remove HTML comments from output. This has the unfortunate side effect of removing Internet Explorer conditional comments. As a workaround, use something like this:

{{ "<!--[if lt IE 9]>" | safeHTML }}
  <script src="html5shiv.js"></script>
{{ "<![endif]-->" | safeHTML }}

Alternatively, you can use the backtick (`) to quote the IE conditional comments, avoiding the tedious task of escaping every double quotes (") inside, as demonstrated in the examples in the Go text/template documentation:

{{ `<!--[if lt IE 7]><html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7"><![endif]-->` | safeHTML }}

Context (aka “the dot”)

The most easily overlooked concept to understand about Go templates is that {{ . }} always refers to the current context. In the top level of your template, this will be the data set made available to it. Inside of an iteration, however, it will have the value of the current item in the loop; i.e., {{ . }} will no longer refer to the data available to the entire page. If you need to access page-level data (e.g., page params set in front matter) from within the loop, you will likely want to do one of the following:

1. Define a Variable Independent of Context

The following shows how to define a variable independent of the context.

tags-range-with-page-variable.html

{{ $title := .Site.Title }}
<ul>
{{ range .Params.tags }}
    <li>
        <a href="/tags/{{ . | urlize }}">{{ . }}</a>
        - {{ $title }}
    </li>
{{ end }}
</ul>

2. Use $. to Access the Global Context

$ has special significance in your templates. $ is set to the starting value of . (“the dot”) by default. This is a documented feature of Go text/template. This means you have access to the global context from anywhere. Here is an equivalent example of the preceding code block but now using $ to grab .Site.Title from the global context:

range-through-tags-w-global.html

<ul>
{{ range .Params.tags }}
  <li>
    <a href="/tags/{{ . | urlize }}">{{ . }}</a>
            - {{ $.Site.Title }}
  </li>
{{ end }}
</ul>

Whitespace

Go 1.6 includes the ability to trim the whitespace from either side of a Go tag by including a hyphen (-) and space immediately beside the corresponding {{ or }} delimiter.

For instance, the following Go template will include the newlines and horizontal tab in its HTML output:

<div>
  {{ .Title }}
</div>

Which will output:

<div>
  Hello, World!
</div>

Leveraging the - in the following example will remove the extra white space surrounding the .Title variable and remove the newline:

<div>
  {{- .Title -}}
</div>

Which then outputs:

<div>Hello, World!</div>

Go considers the following characters whitespace:

  • space
  • horizontal tab
  • carriage return
  • newline

Hugo Parameters

Hugo provides the option of passing values to your template layer through your site configuration (i.e. for site-wide values) or through the metadata of each specific piece of content (i.e. the front matter). You can define any values of any type and use them however you want in your templates, as long as the values are supported by the front matter format specified via metaDataFormat in your configuration file.

Use Content (Page) Parameters

You can provide variables to be used by templates in individual content’s front matter.

An example of this is used in the Hugo docs. Most of the pages benefit from having the table of contents provided, but sometimes the table of contents doesn’t make a lot of sense. We’ve defined a notoc variable in our front matter that will prevent a table of contents from rendering when specifically set to true.

Here is the example front matter:

---
title: Roadmap
lastmod: 2017-03-05
date: 2013-11-18
notoc: true
---

Here is an example of corresponding code that could be used inside a toc.html partial template:

layouts/partials/toc.html

{{ if not .Params.notoc }}
<aside>
  <header>
    <a href="#{{.Title | urlize}}">
    <h3>{{.Title}}</h3>
    </a>
  </header>
  {{.TableOfContents}}
</aside>
<a href="#" id="toc-toggle"></a>
{{end}}

We want the default behavior to be for pages to include a TOC unless otherwise specified. This template checks to make sure that the notoc: field in this page’s front matter is not true.

Use Site Configuration Parameters

You can arbitrarily define as many site-level parameters as you want in your site’s configuration file. These parameters are globally available in your templates.

For instance, you might declare the following:

config.yaml

params:
  copyrighthtml: "Copyright &#xA9; 2017 John Doe. All Rights Reserved."
  twitteruser: "spf13"
  sidebarrecentlimit: 5

Within a footer layout, you might then declare a <footer> that is only rendered if the copyrighthtml parameter is provided. If it is provided, you will then need to declare the string is safe to use via the safeHTML function so that the HTML entity is not escaped again. This would let you easily update just your top-level config file each January 1st, instead of hunting through your templates.

{{if .Site.Params.copyrighthtml}}<footer>
<div class="text-center">{{.Site.Params.CopyrightHTML | safeHTML}}</div>
</footer>{{end}}

An alternative way of writing the “if” and then referencing the same value is to use with instead. with rebinds the context (.) within its scope and skips the block if the variable is absent:

layouts/partials/twitter.html

{{with .Site.Params.twitteruser}}
<div>
  <a href="https://twitter.com/{{.}}" rel="author">
  <img src="/images/twitter.png" width="48" height="48" title="Twitter: {{.}}" alt="Twitter"></a>
</div>
{{end}}

Finally, you can pull “magic constants” out of your layouts as well. The following uses the first function, as well as the .RelPermalink page variable and the .Site.Pages site variable.

<nav>
  <h1>Recent Posts</h1>
  <ul>
  {{- range first .Site.Params.SidebarRecentLimit .Site.Pages -}}
    <li><a href="{{.RelPermalink}}">{{.Title}}</a></li>
  {{- end -}}
  </ul>
</nav>

Example: Show Only Upcoming Events

Go allows you to do more than what’s shown here. Using Hugo’s where function and Go built-ins, we can list only the items from content/events/ whose date (set in a content file’s front matter) is in the future. The following is an example partial template:

layouts/partials/upcoming-events.html

<h4>Upcoming Events</h4>
<ul class="upcoming-events">
{{ range where .Data.Pages.ByDate "Section" "events" }}
  {{ if ge .Date.Unix .Now.Unix }}
    <li>
    <!-- add span for event type -->
      <span>{{ .Type | title }} —</span>
      {{ .Title }} on
    <!-- add span for event date -->
      <span>{{ .Date.Format "2 January at 3:04pm" }}</span>
      at {{ .Params.place }}
    </li>
  {{ end }}
{{ end }}
</ul>
“Introduction to Hugo Templating” was last updated: October 13, 2017: Initial commit (a48229f)
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